{"id":3074,"date":"2024-03-28T11:21:47","date_gmt":"2024-03-28T11:21:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/liverpoolyes.com\/?p=3074"},"modified":"2024-03-28T11:21:51","modified_gmt":"2024-03-28T11:21:51","slug":"two-rival-spies-of-the-19th-century","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/liverpoolyes.com\/en\/eternal\/two-rival-spies-of-the-19th-century","title":{"rendered":"Two rival spies of the 19th century"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>A historian called them the Lion and the Fox, referencing Aesop&#8217;s famous fable. These are nicknames for spies who lived and worked in 19th-century Liverpool but had opposite goals. What role did they play in the US Civil War? Did they achieve their goal? Who won in the end? Does this story have a moral as in fables? Learn more about this at <a href=\"https:\/\/liverpoolyes.com\/en\/\">liverpoolyes.com<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_76 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<label for=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-6a0d6ec6015bd\" class=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-label\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/label><input type=\"checkbox\"  id=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-6a0d6ec6015bd\"  aria-label=\"Toggle\" \/><nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/liverpoolyes.com\/en\/eternal\/two-rival-spies-of-the-19th-century\/#General_information\" >General information<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/liverpoolyes.com\/en\/eternal\/two-rival-spies-of-the-19th-century\/#Bulloch\" >Bulloch<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/liverpoolyes.com\/en\/eternal\/two-rival-spies-of-the-19th-century\/#Dudley\" >Dudley<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/liverpoolyes.com\/en\/eternal\/two-rival-spies-of-the-19th-century\/#Agents_conflict\" >Agents\u2019 conflict<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/liverpoolyes.com\/en\/eternal\/two-rival-spies-of-the-19th-century\/#Sources\" >Sources<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/liverpoolyes.com\/en\/eternal\/two-rival-spies-of-the-19th-century\/#The_climax_of_the_confrontation\" >The climax of the confrontation<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/liverpoolyes.com\/en\/eternal\/two-rival-spies-of-the-19th-century\/#Is_there_a_moral\" >Is there a moral?<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"General_information\"><\/span>General information<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>This article will tell you about two agents with opposing goals who were active during the American Civil War in the 19th century. The Confederate agent was trying to negotiate the construction of a Southern fleet, while the Union one was making efforts to stop him. Metaphorically, this story is somewhat reminiscent of Aesop&#8217;s fable, which carries the moral that close familiarity with evil dulls the feeling of danger. Thus, the Fox from the fable is afraid of the Lion but later loses the proper sense of caution encountering him again and again.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In this 19th-century espionage story, the Fox is the merchant James Bulloch and the Lion is the Northern Quaker lawyer Thomas Dudley. What do we know about them?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Bulloch\"><\/span>Bulloch<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.liverpoolyes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/59\/2024\/03\/1_xcioaoqcadhtyopu-ajtwcpnmphz9z5gzwirxyfuxycxpoex78gm8yyy_ttoelht9whhoxurxf7gpydw9mhphm3iw5e_fa-6uzgjd6sy7rpswbood2wxib7wziy29sauz5rbzeseapntxmg0ergt80o.png\" alt=\"\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>James Dunwoody Bulloch, who had lived a long life from 1823 to 1901, was the Confederate&#8217;s chief foreign agent in Great Britain during the American Civil War. Based in Liverpool, he operated blockade runners and merchant raiders that provided the Confederacy with its only source of hard currency.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Those ships usually delivered goods and resources bypassing the military blockade established by the enemy. Bulloch organised the purchase of cotton from the Confederacy by British merchants, as well as the shipment of arms and other military supplies to the South. So, James was a significant figure in the underground trading world at that time. He also oversaw the construction and purchase of several ships designed to destroy shipping in the North during the Civil War.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>After the end of the Civil War, Bulloch wasn\u2019t included in the announced general amnesty because he was a secret agent. Obviously, he decided to stay in Liverpool and become the director of the local maritime college and orphanage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Dudley\"><\/span>Dudley<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.liverpoolyes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/59\/2024\/03\/1_ehly3c3hwz6hjslhjrffn2oqpod-ddaw2sg_segh9i0sfbyep9mo9ivwdpme5q3aqvyvyuqjkrmzwsdpjg1kht8lfub6vtz9h4ij3fj7fvhtl-wjwtwy6uzxhpsz3isam6fnafyv86p8wyoekpkl8dw.png\" alt=\"\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Thomas Haines Dudley lived from 1819 to 1893. During the American Civil War, he was consul of the USA in Liverpool. This man was on the opposite side of the barricades, playing an important role in leading the federal government&#8217;s efforts to prevent Britain from entering the war. He tried to prevent the Liverpool blockaders from aiding the Confederate military forces.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In 1852, Dudley was appointed a member of the Whig State Executive Committee and participated in Winfield Scott&#8217;s campaign. Soon, he became chairman of the Republican State Executive Committee of New Jersey. In 1860, Thomas was elected a delegate for New Jersey to the Republican Convention. He supported Abraham Lincoln and tried to sway the New Jersey delegates to his side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Dudley was an anti-slavery Republican and indeed played a key role in the election of Abraham Lincoln. After winning the presidential election, Lincoln offered Thomas to choose the new position. Dudley had a choice of becoming Minister of Japan or Consul in Liverpool. Lincoln hoped for the first option, but Dudley made the opposite decision. He wanted to stay in Merseyside because of the availability of the higher medical advice he needed following an accident in 1856.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>During the American Civil War, which lasted from 1861 to 1865, Consul Dudley made efforts to prevent Liverpool ships from breaking through the US Navy&#8217;s blockade of Confederate ports. Although Great Britain remained neutral in this conflict officially, there were many Confederate supporters in Liverpool. Local merchants financed blockade runners who shipped munitions and luxury goods to Confederate ports in exchange for cotton and tobacco. As a consul, Dudley had to notify the United States of more than 120 suspicious steamships and a lot of sailing vessels.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Agents_conflict\"><\/span>Agents\u2019 conflict<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.liverpoolyes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/59\/2024\/03\/xxw0jq0ggwkchantsrcwbjdz2yzbrgob_6t5_6_vxkj-ck516z_stnmqlwtodday-1nhfmpfbixoithcm1gcms864q6mswvdbzznbjgtrb5o_dvsftrfppmma5zug3chvcpam7powyvc_wonz4rjboo.png\" alt=\"\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Residents of the southern states didn\u2019t realise the horrors of slavery because it was a common practice at the time. It also seemed that they convinced themselves of its advantages without feeling any remorse. Slave owners would reason that their participation in the slave trade system was necessary, for example, to protect their interests or ensure the stability of their society.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Another dark case of that time was disguising warships as merchant ones. The Treason Act of 1817 forbade the inhabitants of the United Kingdom to purchase a ship intended for the military purposes of a foreign power. However, some cunning people tried to get around this by financing the construction of merchant ships, which were designed to be converted into warships after moving to a foreign port. Those vessels were even given false manifests on behalf of fictitious owners. Such an initiative actually came from James Bulloch, who was metaphorically named the Fox.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>At the beginning of the war, the Southerners had only one ship in their fleet and no shipyards. Therefore, Bulloch was entrusted with a mission in Liverpool, the largest centre of naval construction at that time. There, the Confederate agent was given funds to organise the building of many raiding ships. They wanted to strike at northern ships, diverting the Union fleet from blockading southern ports.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Sources\"><\/span>Sources<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>It is interesting that the antagonists, Bulloch and Dudley, even wrote memoirs about those events. We know the story thanks to them. However, there are also many other authoritative sources, including the documents of the US diplomatic corps. After the Civil War, they served as evidence when the USA made claims against Britain for damages it had suffered. Dudley kept detailed espionage reports on the activities of Bulloch, his conspirators, allies and so-called moles. Bulloch was Theodore Roosevelt&#8217;s uncle and he could publish his memoirs thanks to him.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_climax_of_the_confrontation\"><\/span>The climax of the confrontation<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>As noted, Bulloch was personally involved in the development of a secret navy, while Dudley opposed him in the British courts and through his own network of agents operating against local laws. In the summer of 1863, Bulloch succeeded in his war against the rich inhabitants of the city using gentlemen&#8217;s clubs, which had shameful connections with slave traders. The Athenaeum was one of such clubs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Despite powerful anti-slavery campaigns, former slave traders received huge sums of compensation. They reinvested their funds in the same dirty business, slightly changing their place in the supply chain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Is_there_a_moral\"><\/span>Is there a moral?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.liverpoolyes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/59\/2024\/03\/1_o9s80tirforlsx1khgpjslxf5t3herdymzdwkqxjmrhbisy-4-hwgdcwsokxadkp1rjq29ftuiloft0d3ryaalcszto0sygh4awbyfu5nu-xbxgt0lxboykvlhunlvsv8uqzjfnjwqqvrpf95drptmo.png\" alt=\"\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>If a person is in any way associated with evil, such as the slave trade, they start spreading this evil themselves. It doesn\u2019t seem to apply to our times but just think of China. Forced labour and slavery are very popular in the People&#8217;s Republic even in our time. All of us are very dependent on Chinese production, supporting it with our purchases.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The North, as you know, won a victory on the high seas over the South. Opponents of the slave trade defeated its supporters. However, our dependence on Chinese manufacturing, which is built on a modern concealed form of slavery, is support for the use of slave labour in the PRC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Some believe that the institution of slavery has disappeared and will never reappear. It is true just formally. Is there really such a big difference between the practices of the South and what China is doing now?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A historian called them the Lion and the Fox, referencing Aesop&#8217;s famous fable. These are nicknames for spies who lived and worked in 19th-century Liverpool but had opposite goals. What role did they play in the US Civil War? Did they achieve their goal? Who won in the end? Does this story have a moral [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":290,"featured_media":2854,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[497],"tags":[1108,1102,1104,1098,1107,1099,1101,1105,1110,1100,1106,1109,1097,1103],"motype":[491],"moformat":[93],"moimportance":[101,104],"class_list":{"0":"post-3074","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-about-the-mayor","8":"tag-bulloch-was-entrusted-with-a-mission-in-liverpool","9":"tag-bulloch-was-personally-involved-in-the-development-of-a-secret-navy","10":"tag-bulloch-was-theodore-roosevelts-uncle-and-he-could-publish-his-memoirs-thanks-to-him","11":"tag-despite-powerful-anti-slavery-campaigns","12":"tag-diverting-the-union-fleet-from-blockading-southern-ports","13":"tag-former-slave-traders-received-huge-sums-of-compensation","14":"tag-slightly-changing-their-place-in-the-supply-chain","15":"tag-sources","16":"tag-the-treason-act-of-1817-forbade-the-inhabitants-of-the-united-kingdom","17":"tag-they-reinvested-their-funds-in-the-same-dirty-business","18":"tag-they-wanted-to-strike-at-northern-ships","19":"tag-those-vessels-were-even-given-false-manifests-on-behalf-of-fictitious-owners","20":"tag-two-rival-spies-of-the-19th-century","21":"tag-while-dudley-opposed-him-in-the-british-courts-and-through-his-own-network-of-agents-operating-against-local-laws","22":"motype-eternal","23":"moformat-longrid-korotka","24":"moimportance-golovna-novyna","25":"moimportance-retranslyacziya-v-agregatory"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/liverpoolyes.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3074","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/liverpoolyes.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/liverpoolyes.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/liverpoolyes.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/290"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/liverpoolyes.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3074"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/liverpoolyes.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3074\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3075,"href":"https:\/\/liverpoolyes.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3074\/revisions\/3075"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/liverpoolyes.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2854"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/liverpoolyes.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3074"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/liverpoolyes.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3074"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/liverpoolyes.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3074"},{"taxonomy":"motype","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/liverpoolyes.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/motype?post=3074"},{"taxonomy":"moformat","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/liverpoolyes.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/moformat?post=3074"},{"taxonomy":"moimportance","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/liverpoolyes.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/moimportance?post=3074"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}